@inproceedings{07f9b79eaefb4652b15349547ce73b95,
title = "Universal dependencies for learner English",
abstract = "We introduce the Treebank of Learner English (TLE), the first publicly available syntactic treebank for English as a Second Language (ESL). The TLE provides manually annotated POS tags and Universal Dependency (UD) trees for 5,124 sentences from the Cambridge First Certificate in English (FCE) corpus. The UD annotations are tied to a pre-existing error annotation of the FCE, whereby full syntactic analyses are provided for both the original and error corrected versions of each sentence. Further on, we delineate ESL annotation guidelines that allow for consistent syntactic treatment of ungrammatical English. Finally, we benchmark POS tagging and dependency parsing performance on the TLE dataset and measure the effect of grammatical errors on parsing accuracy. We envision the treebank to support a wide range of linguistic and computational research on second language acquisition as well as automatic processing of ungrammatical language1.",
author = "Yevgeni Berzak and Lucia Lam and Jessica Kenney and Mori, \{Keiko Sophie\} and Carolyn Spadine and Sebastian Garza and Wang, \{Jing Xian\} and Boris Katz",
note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2016 Association tor Computational Linguistics.; 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, ACL 2016 ; Conference date: 07-08-2016 Through 12-08-2016",
year = "2016",
doi = "10.18653/v1/p16-1070",
language = "الإنجليزيّة",
series = "54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, ACL 2016 - Long Papers",
pages = "737--746",
booktitle = "54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, ACL 2016 - Long Papers",
}