Unidirectional Propulsion of Planar Magnetic Nanomachines

Steering of magnetic nano- and microhelices by a rotating magnetic field is considered a promising technique for the controlled navigation of tiny objects through viscous fluidic environments. It has been recently demonstrated that simple geometrically achiral planar structures can also be steered efficiently. Such planar propellers are interesting for practical reasons, as they can be mass-fabricated using standard micro- and nanolithography techniques. While planar magnetic structures are prone to in-plane magnetization, under the effect of an in-plane rotating magnetic field, they exhibit, at most, propulsion due to spontaneous symmetry breaking; i.e., they can propel either parallel or antiparallel to the rotation axis of the field depending on their initial orientation. Here, we demonstrate that actuation by a conically rotating magnetic field (i.e., superposition of an in-plane rotating field and constant field orthogonal to it) can yield efficient unidirectional propulsion of planar and magnetized in-plane structures. In particular, we find that a highly symmetrical V-shaped structure magnetized along its symmetry axis, which exhibits no net propulsion in the in-plane rotating field, exhibits unidirectional in-sync propulsion with a constant (frequency-independent) velocity when actuated by the conically rotating field.