Three-dimensional hadamard-encoded proton spectroscopic imaging in the human brain using time-cascaded pulses at 3 tesla

Purpose: To reduce the specific-absorption-rate (SAR) and chemical shift displacement (CSD) of three-dimensional (3D) Hadamard spectroscopic imaging (HSI) and maintain its point spread function (PSF) benefits. Methods: A 3D hybrid of 2D longitudinal, 1D transverse HSI (L-HSI, T-HSI) sequence is introduced and demonstrated in a phantom and the human brain at 3 Tesla (T). Instead of superimposing each of the selective Hadamard radiofrequency (RF) pulses with its N single-slice components, they are cascaded in time, allowing N-fold stronger gradients, reducing the CSD. A spatially refocusing 180° RF pulse following the T-HSI encoding block provides variable, arbitrary echo time (TE) to eliminate undesirable short T₂ species' signals, e.g., lipids. Results: The sequence yields 10'15% better signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and 8'16% less signal bleed than 3D chemical shift imaging of equal repetition time, spatial resolution and grid size. The 13 ± 6, 22 ± 7, 24 ± 8, and 31 ± 14 in vivo SNRs for myo-inositol, choline, creatine, and N-acetylaspartate were obtained in 21 min from 1 cm³ voxels at TE ° 20 ms. Maximum CSD was 0.3 mm/ppm in each direction. Conclusion: The new hybrid HSI sequence offers a better localized PSF at reduced CSD and SAR at 3T. The short and variable TE permits acquisition of short T₂ and J-coupled metabolites with higher SNR.