Stability and reliability of perovskite photovoltaics: Are we there yet?

Abstract: The power-conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has exceeded in 2024 the theoretical single-junction Shockley–Queisser limit of 33.7% with the perovskite/silicon tandem version. The commercialization of the technology is now a reality with the PV industry demonstrating its first commercial products. Many companies have shown excellent module reliability with most of them passing the IEC standardization (required for commercial silicon solar cells). In this article, we want to bring some light on the most intriguing question regarding the stability and reliability of PSC technology: Are we there yet? Issues on stability are still under strong investigation and research on the topic has increased exponentially in the last 10 years. Since some companies have already promised excellent reliability of their modules, with 80% retention of the initial PCE after 25 years, the following two or three years will be crucial to demonstrate these pledges. In this work, we present an outline of the most stable PSC devices reported to date and discuss the most important strategies leading to highly stable devices.