Riding the rails - different modes for RNA complex transport in axons

Neurons are highly polarized cells with axons that innervate distant targets. The distance of subcellular compartments from the nucleus requires sophisticated transport mechanisms and local action of vital processes for proper function and rapid responses to local stimuli (Terenzio et al., 2017). This is partially achieved by transport of mRNAs to subcellular locations and regulation of local translation for axonal growth, branching, synaptic plasticity, and regeneration, among other needs. Axonally synthesized proteins support neuronal survival, and axonal development, maintenance, and growth (Rishal and Fainzilber, 2014; Dalla Costa et al., 2021). Thus, understanding the mechanisms that promote RNA transport to subcellular locations in neurons will contribute to the development of novel strategies to enhance axon regeneration and survival.