TY - JOUR
T1 - Polluting of winter convective clouds upon transition from ocean inland over central California
T2 - Contrasting case studies
AU - Rosenfeld, Daniel
AU - Chemke, Rei
AU - Prather, Kimberly
AU - Suski, Kaitlyn
AU - Comstock, Jennifer M.
AU - Schmid, Beat
AU - Tomlinson, Jason
AU - Jonsson, Haflidi
N1 - The CalWater project was funded by the California Energy Commission (CEC). The G-1 aircraft was operated by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory with funds from CEC. The PI of the CalWater project is Dr. Kimberly Prather. I thank the many people who worked hard to fund, plan and execute the field campaign. Special thanks are due to the aircraft scientists and pilots. This study was partially supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science (BER) Atmospheric System Research program.
PY - 2014/1
Y1 - 2014/1
N2 - In-situ aircraft measurements of aerosol chemical and cloud microphysical properties were conducted during the CalWater campaign in February and March 2011 over the Sierra Nevada Mountains and the coastal waters of central California. The main objective was to elucidate the impacts of aerosol properties on clouds and precipitation forming processes. In order to accomplish this, we compared contrasting cases of clouds that ingested aerosols from different sources. The results showed that clouds containing pristine oceanic air had low cloud drop concentrations and started to develop rain 500 m above their base. This occurred both over the ocean and over the Sierra Nevada, mainly in the early morning when the radiatively cooled stable continental boundary layer was decoupled from the cloud base. Supercooled rain dominated the precipitation that formed in growing convective clouds in the pristine air, up to the -21 degrees C isotherm level.A contrasting situation was documented in the afternoon over the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, when the clouds ingested high pollution aerosol concentrations produced in the Central Valley. This led to slow growth of the cloud drop effective radius with height and suppressed and even prevented the initiation of warm rain while contributing to the development of ice hydrometeors in the form of graupel. Our results show that cloud condensation and ice nuclei were the limiting factors that controlled warm rain and ice processes, respectively, while the unpolluted clouds in the same air mass produced precipitation quite efficiently. These findings provide the motivation for deeper investigations into the nature of the aerosols seeding clouds. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
AB - In-situ aircraft measurements of aerosol chemical and cloud microphysical properties were conducted during the CalWater campaign in February and March 2011 over the Sierra Nevada Mountains and the coastal waters of central California. The main objective was to elucidate the impacts of aerosol properties on clouds and precipitation forming processes. In order to accomplish this, we compared contrasting cases of clouds that ingested aerosols from different sources. The results showed that clouds containing pristine oceanic air had low cloud drop concentrations and started to develop rain 500 m above their base. This occurred both over the ocean and over the Sierra Nevada, mainly in the early morning when the radiatively cooled stable continental boundary layer was decoupled from the cloud base. Supercooled rain dominated the precipitation that formed in growing convective clouds in the pristine air, up to the -21 degrees C isotherm level.A contrasting situation was documented in the afternoon over the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, when the clouds ingested high pollution aerosol concentrations produced in the Central Valley. This led to slow growth of the cloud drop effective radius with height and suppressed and even prevented the initiation of warm rain while contributing to the development of ice hydrometeors in the form of graupel. Our results show that cloud condensation and ice nuclei were the limiting factors that controlled warm rain and ice processes, respectively, while the unpolluted clouds in the same air mass produced precipitation quite efficiently. These findings provide the motivation for deeper investigations into the nature of the aerosols seeding clouds. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
U2 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.09.006
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.09.006
M3 - مقالة
SN - 0169-8095
VL - 135
SP - 112
EP - 127
JO - Atmospheric Research
JF - Atmospheric Research
ER -