Oral N-acetylcysteine ameliorates liver fibrosis and enhances regenerative responses in Mdr2 knockout mice

Cholangiopathies are poorly understood disorders with no effective therapy. The extrahepatic biliary tree phenotype is less studied compared to the intrahepatic biliary injury in both human disease and Mdr2^−/− mice, the established cholestatic mouse model. This study aimed to characterize the extra hepatic biliary tree of Mdr2^−/− mice at various ages and to determine if injury can be repaired with the antioxidant and glutathione precursor N-acetyl-L-Cysteine treatment (NAC). We characterized extra hepatic bile ducts (EHBD)s at various ages from 2 to 40 weeks old FVB/N and Mdr2^−/− mice. We examined the therapeutic potential of local NAC ex vivo using EHBD explants at early and late stages of injury; and systematic therapy by in vivo oral administration for 3 weeks. EHBD and liver sections were assessed by histology and immunofluorescent stains. Serum liver enzyme activities were analyzed, and liver spatial protein expression analysis was performed. Mdr2^−/− mice developed progressive EHBD injury, similar to extrahepatic PSC. NAC treatment of ex vivo EHBD explants led to improved duct morphology. In vivo, oral administration of NAC improved liver fibrosis, and decreased liver enzyme activities. Spatial protein analysis revealed cell-type specific differential response to NAC, collectively indicating a transition from pro-apoptotic into proliferative state. NAC treatment should be further investigated as a potential therapeutic option for human cholangiopathies.