@article{0f9cb23cea0f470e888908bb391739d2,
title = "Optogenetics in Neural Systems",
abstract = "Both observational and perturbational technologies are essential for advancing the understanding of brain function and dysfunction. But while observational techniques have greatly advanced in the last century, techniques for perturbation that are matched to the speed and heterogeneity of neural systems have lagged behind. The technology of optogenetics represents a step toward addressing this disparity. Reliable and targetable single-component tools (which encompass both light sensation and effector function within a single protein) have enabled versatile new classes of investigation in the study of neural systems. Here we provide a primer on the application of optogenetics in neuroscience, focusing on the single-component tools and highlighting important problems, challenges, and technical considerations.",
author = "Ofer Yizhar and Fenno, {Lief E.} and Davidson, {Thomas J.} and Murtaza Mogri and Karl Deisseroth",
note = "Tools and reagents are freely available at www.optogenetics.org and www.addgene.org , and hands-on optogenetics training courses are available ( www.optogenetics.org ). We gratefully acknowledge that this research direction was launched with funding beginning July 2004 to K.D. as principal investigator from the National Institutes of Health, from the Stanford Department of Psychiatry, and from the Stanford Department of Bioengineering ( www.optogenetics.org/funding ). Both this initial microbial opsin work and all subsequent work at Stanford over the years have been financially supported with grants awarded to K.D. from many generous agencies and donors, including from the National Institute of Mental Health, the NIH Director's Pioneer Award, the National Institute on Drug Abuse, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, the National Science Foundation, the Michael J Fox Foundation, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, and the Coulter, Culpeper, Klingenstein, Whitehall, McKnight, Yu, Woo, Snyder, and Keck Foundations. We thank the many supportive laboratories and members of the Stanford community for collaboration, advice, and equipment-sharing over this time, as well as the many members of the K.D. laboratory in the Clark Center at Stanford over the years. O.Y. is supported by the International Human Frontier Science Program. L.E.F is supported by the Stanford MSTP program, T.J.D. is supported by the Berry Postdoctoral Fellowship, and M.M. is supported by Bio-X, Siebel, and SGF fellowships.",
year = "2011",
month = jul,
day = "14",
doi = "10.1016/j.neuron.2011.06.004",
language = "الإنجليزيّة",
volume = "71",
pages = "9--34",
journal = "Neuron",
issn = "0896-6273",
publisher = "Cell Press",
number = "1",
}