@article{ef4f1692318d4e6398bd10265e9f1ec8,
title = "Luminous supernovae",
abstract = "Supernovae, the luminous explosions of stars, have been observed since antiquity. However, various examples of superluminous supernovae (SLSNe; luminosities >7 × 1043 ergs per second) have only recently been documented. From the accumulated evidence, SLSNe can be classified as radioactively powered (SLSN-R), hydrogen-rich (SLSN-II), and hydrogen-poor (SLSN-I, the most luminous class). The SLSN-II and SLSN-I classes are more common, whereas the SLSN-R class is better understood. The physical origins of the extreme luminosity emitted by SLSNe are a focus of current research.",
author = "Avishay Gal-Yam",
note = "Israeli Science Foundation; U.S.-Israel Binational Science Foundation; German-Israeli Foundation; Minerva Foundation; Lord Sieff of Brimpton FundI thank O. Yaron; Caltech Core-Collapse Project members E. Enriquez, A. Soderberg, S. B. Cenko, D. Leonard, D. Fox, D. Moon, and D. Sand; M. Phillips and P. Nugent; E. Chatzopoulos; L. Chomiuk and R. Quimby for use of data presented here; E. Nakar, P. Mazzali, D. Xu, R. Waldman, A. Pastorello, I. Arcavi, A. Howell, E. O. Ofek, A. Drake, S. Smartt, C. Wheeler, and A. Miller for useful advice; members of the PTF collaboration, and in particular J. S. Bloom, M. M. Kasliwal, S. R. Kulkami, N. M. Law, and D. Poznanski, for use of unpublished PTF material; and the anonymous reviewers for useful and constructive suggestions and comments. Supported by grants from the Israeli Science Foundation, the U.S.-Israel Binational Science Foundation, the German-Israeli Foundation, the Minerva Foundation, ARCHES (Award for Research Cooperation and High Excellence in Science), and the Lord Sieff of Brimpton Fund. This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC (Infrared Processing and Analysis Center) Extragalactic Database, which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with NASA. All spectra shown are available in digital form from the Weizmann Interactive Supernova Data Repository (WISeREP) (81) at www.weizmann.ac.il/astrophysics/wiserep.",
year = "2012",
month = aug,
day = "24",
doi = "10.1126/science.1203601",
language = "الإنجليزيّة",
volume = "337",
pages = "927--932",
journal = "Science",
issn = "0036-8075",
publisher = "American Association for the Advancement of Science",
number = "6097",
}