Limits on the usefulness of random oracles

Iftach Haitner, Eran Omri, Hila Zarosim

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceedingConference contributionpeer-review

Abstract

In the random oracle model, parties are given oracle access to a random function (i.e., a uniformly chosen function from the set of all functions), and are assumed to have unbounded computational power (though they can only make a bounded number of oracle queries). This model provides powerful properties that allow proving the security of many protocols, even such that cannot be proved secure in the standard model (under any hardness assumptions). The random oracle model is also used for showing that a given cryptographic primitive cannot be used in a black-box way to construct another primitive; in their seminal work, ImpagliazzoRu89 [STOC '89] showed that no key-agreement protocol exists in the random oracle model, yielding that key-agreement cannot be black-box reduced to one-way functions. Their work has a long line of followup works (Simon [EC '98], Gertner et al. [STOC '00] and Gennaro et al. [SICOMP '05], to name a few), showing that given oracle access to a certain type of function family (e.g., the family that "implements" public-key encryption) is not sufficient for building a given cryptographic primitive (e.g., oblivious transfer). Yet, the following question remained open: What is the exact power of the random oracle model? We make progress towards answering this question, showing that essentially, any no private input, semi-honest two-party functionality that can be securely implemented in the random oracle model, can be securely implemented information theoretically (where parties are assumed to be all powerful, and no oracle is given). We further generalize the above result to function families that provide some natural combinatorial property. Our result immediately yields that essentially the only no-input functionalities that can be securely realized in the random oracle model (in the sense of secure function evaluation), are the trivial ones (ones that can be securely realized information theoretically). In addition, we use the recent information theoretic impossibility result of McGregor et al. [FOCS '10], to show the existence of functionalities (e.g., inner product) that cannot be computed both accurately and in a differentially private manner in the random oracle model; yielding that protocols for computing these functionalities cannot be black-box reduced to one-way functions.

Original languageEnglish
Title of host publicationTheory of Cryptography - 10th Theory of Cryptography Conference, TCC 2013, Proceedings
Pages437-456
Number of pages20
DOIs
StatePublished - Mar 2013
Event10th Theory of Cryptography Conference, TCC 2013 - Tokyo, Japan
Duration: 3 Mar 20136 Mar 2013

Publication series

NameLecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)
Volume7785 LNCS

Conference

Conference10th Theory of Cryptography Conference, TCC 2013
Country/TerritoryJapan
CityTokyo
Period3/03/136/03/13

Keywords

  • black-box separations
  • differential privacy
  • key agreement
  • one-way functions
  • random oracles

All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes

  • Theoretical Computer Science
  • General Computer Science

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