Lgr5+telocytes are a signaling source at the intestinal villus tip

The intestinal epithelium is a structured organ composed of crypts harboring Lgr5+ stem cells, and villi harboring differentiated cells. Spatial transcriptomics have demonstrated profound zonation of epithelial gene expression along the villus axis, but the mechanisms shaping this spatial variability are unknown. Here, we combine laser capture micro-dissection and single cell RNA sequencing to uncover spatially zonated populations of mesenchymal cells along the crypt-villus axis. These include villus tip telocytes (VTTs) that express Lgr5, a gene previously considered a specific crypt epithelial stem cell marker. VTTs are elongated cells that line the villus tip epithelium and signal through Bmp morphogens and the non-canonical Wnt5a ligand. Their ablation is associated with perturbed zonation of enterocyte genes induced at the villus tip. Our study provides a spatially-resolved cell atlas of the small intestinal stroma and exposes Lgr5+villus tip telocytes as regulators of the epithelial spatial expression programs along the villus axis. Epithelial gene expression has been shown to be zonated along the crypt-villus axis, but mechanisms shaping this spatial variability were unknown. Here, Bahar Halpern et al. uncover zonation of mesenchymal cells, including Lgr5+ telocytes, which regulate epithelial gene expression at the villus tip.