Large-Scale, High-Throughput Phenotyping of the Postharvest Storage Performance of ‘Rustenburg’ Navel Oranges and the Development of Shelf-Life Prediction Models

We conducted a large-scale, high-throughput phenotyping analysis of the effects of various pre-harvest and postharvest features on the quality of ‘Rustenburg’ navel oranges, in order to develop shelf-life prediction models to enable the use of the First Expired, First Out logistics strat-egy. The examined pre-harvest features included harvest time and yield, and the examined post-harvest features included storage temperature, relative humidity during storage and duration of storage. All together, we evaluated 12,000 oranges (~4 tons) from six different orchards and conducted 170,576 measurements of 14 quality parameters. Storage time was found to be the most important feature affecting fruit quality, followed by storage temperature, harvest time, yield and hu-midity. The examined features significantly affected (p < 0.001) fruit weight loss, firmness, decay, color, peel damage, chilling injury, internal dryness, acidity, vitamin C and ethanol levels, and fla-vor and acceptance scores. Four regression models were evaluated for their ability to predict fruit quality based on pre-harvest and postharvest features. Extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) combined with a duplication approach was found to be the most effective approach. It allowed for the prediction of fruit-acceptance scores among the full data set, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.217 and an R² of 0.891.