@article{11541160303b43588d8f794a843627d0,
title = "Large global variations in measured airborne metal concentrations driven by anthropogenic sources",
abstract = "Globally consistent measurements of airborne metal concentrations in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are important for understanding potential health impacts, prioritizing air pollution mitigation strategies, and enabling global chemical transport model development. PM2.5 filter samples (N \textasciitilde{} 800 from 19 locations) collected from a globally distributed surface particulate matter sampling network (SPARTAN) between January 2013 and April 2019 were analyzed for particulate mass and trace metals content. Metal concentrations exhibited pronounced spatial variation, primarily driven by anthropogenic activities. PM2.5 levels of lead, arsenic, chromium, and zinc were significantly enriched at some locations by factors of 100–3000 compared to crustal concentrations. Levels of metals in PM2.5 and PM10 exceeded health guidelines at multiple sites. For example, Dhaka and Kanpur sites exceeded the US National Ambient Air 3-month Quality Standard for lead (150 ng m−3). Kanpur, Hanoi, Beijing and Dhaka sites had annual mean arsenic concentrations that approached or exceeded the World Health Organization{\textquoteright}s risk level for arsenic (6.6 ng m−3). The high concentrations of several potentially harmful metals in densely populated cites worldwide motivates expanded measurements and analyses.",
author = "Jacob McNeill and Graydon Snider and Weagle, \{Crystal L.\} and Brenna Walsh and Paul Bissonnette and Emily Stone and Ihab Abboud and Clement Akoshile and Anh, \{Nguyen Xuan\} and Rajasekhar Balasubramanian and Brook, \{Jeffrey R.\} and Craig Coburn and Aaron Cohen and Jinlu Dong and Graham Gagnon and Garland, \{Rebecca M.\} and Kebin He and Holben, \{Brent N.\} and Ralph Kahn and Kim, \{Jong Sung\} and Nofel Lagrosas and Puji Lestari and Yang Liu and Farah Jeba and Joy, \{Khaled Shaifullah\} and Martins, \{J. Vanderlei\} and Amit Misra and Norford, \{Leslie K.\} and Quel, \{Eduardo J.\} and Abdus Salam and Bret Schichtel and Tripathi, \{S. N.\} and Chien Wang and Qiang Zhang and Michael Brauer and Gibson, \{Mark D.\} and Yinon Rudich and Martin, \{Randall V.\}",
note = "Funding Information: This work was supported by Bloomberg Philanthropies through the Health Effects Institute, by the Climate-Works Foundation, and by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada. We thank the HERC labs for supplying filter weighing facilities. Data collection in Kanpur was supported by grant from the Indo-US Science and Technology Forum (IUSSTF) under real time air quality monitoring scheme. Data collection in Rehovot was supported in part by the Environmental Health Fund (Israel) and the Israel Science Foundation (grant \#236/16). Partial support for the ITB site was by Ministry of Research, Technology \& Higher Education, under World Class University (WCU) managed by Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB). The views expressed here are of authors and do not necessarily reflect those of NAS or USAID. The Singapore site was supported by the Singapore National Research Foundation (NRF) through the Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), Center for Environmental Sensing and Modeling. The site in Atlanta was partially supported by NASA Applied Science Program (Grant \# 80NSSC19K0191) and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Contract \#1588347 and \#1363692). All data are freely available as a public good at http://www.spart an-network.org. We welcome expression of interest to collaborate with this grass-roots network.",
year = "2020",
month = dec,
day = "11",
doi = "10.1038/s41598-020-78789-y",
language = "الإنجليزيّة",
volume = "10",
journal = "Scientific Reports",
issn = "2045-2322",
publisher = "Nature Publishing Group",
number = "1",
}