Introduction

Vertical root fractures (VRFs) are root-originated fractures in endodontically treated teeth and are considered as the third most common cause for tooth extraction after dental caries and periodontal diseases [1–3] (Fig. 1.1). They often present diagnostic problems that challenge the expertise of even skilled and most experienced clinicians [1, 2]. This clinical entity may be difficult to diagnose because often the clinical signs, symptoms, and radiographic features can mimic signs and symptoms of failed endodontic treatment or a periodontal disease [1, 4, 5]. In addition, there are many aspects and a variety of issues regarding the root fracture etiology and risk factors, and VRFs may develop also in teeth with good-quality endodontic treatment and well-prepared coronal restoration [1, 4, 5]. Therefore, prevention of these fractures is all together difficult and frustrating.