Exploring the capabilities of high-pressure spark plasma sintering (HPSPS): A review of materials processing and properties

Spark plasma sintering (SPS) is an advanced pressure-assisted sintering technology that combines the application of uniaxial pressure with rapid current-induced heating. The so-called high-pressure SPS (HPSPS) approach involves using specialized tooling made of robust materials that can withstand high pressures and temperatures simultaneously. The application of high pressure during the sintering process enhances densification and allows to produce materials with distinctive qualities at relatively low temperatures. This review focuses on the effects of the applied pressure on densification and the resulting functional, mechanical, optical, and physical properties. Exploring the capabilities of HPSPS for a wide range of materials. Including, but not limited to, thermally sensitive phases, nanocrystalline, ionic, bulk metallic glasses, magnetic, transparent ceramic, and composite materials, among others. The HPSPS approach not only offers a promising technique for densification, but also enables the study of fundamental aspects of high-pressure processing and various consequential materials properties.