Expert appraisal of criteria for assessing gaming disorder: an international Delphi study

Jesús Castro-Calvo, Daniel L. King, Dan J. Stein, Matthias Brand, Lior Carmi, Samuel R. Chamberlain, Zsolt Demetrovics, Naomi A. Fineberg, Hans Jürgen Rumpf, Murat Yücel, Sophia Achab, Atul Ambekar, Norharlina Bahar, Alexander Blaszczynski, Henrietta Bowden-Jones, Xavier Carbonell, Elda Mei Lo Chan, Chih Hung Ko, Philippe de Timary, Magali DufourMarie Grall-Bronnec, Hae Kook Lee, Susumu Higuchi, Susana Jimenez-Murcia, Orsolya Király, Daria J. Kuss, Jiang Long, Astrid Müller, Stefano Pallanti, Marc N. Potenza, Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar, John B. Saunders, Adriano Schimmenti, Seung Yup Lee, Kristiana Siste, Daniel T. Spritzer, Vladan Starcevic, Aviv M. Weinstein, Klaus Wölfling, Joël Billieux

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

Abstract

Background and aims: Following the recognition of ‘internet gaming disorder’ (IGD) as a condition requiring further study by the DSM-5, ‘gaming disorder’ (GD) was officially included as a diagnostic entity by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). However, the proposed diagnostic criteria for gaming disorder remain the subject of debate, and there has been no systematic attempt to integrate the views of different groups of experts. To achieve a more systematic agreement on this new disorder, this study employed the Delphi expert consensus method to obtain expert agreement on the diagnostic validity, clinical utility and prognostic value of the DSM-5 criteria and ICD-11 clinical guidelines for GD. Methods: A total of 29 international experts with clinical and/or research experience in GD completed three iterative rounds of a Delphi survey. Experts rated proposed criteria in progressive rounds until a pre-determined level of agreement was achieved. Results: For DSM-5 IGD criteria, there was an agreement both that a subset had high diagnostic validity, clinical utility and prognostic value and that some (e.g. tolerance, deception) had low diagnostic validity, clinical utility and prognostic value. Crucially, some DSM-5 criteria (e.g. escapism/mood regulation, tolerance) were regarded as incapable of distinguishing between problematic and non-problematic gaming. In contrast, ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines for GD (except for the criterion relating to diminished non-gaming interests) were judged as presenting high diagnostic validity, clinical utility and prognostic value. Conclusions: This Delphi survey provides a foundation for identifying the most diagnostically valid and clinically useful criteria for GD. There was expert agreement that some DSM-5 criteria were not clinically relevant and may pathologize non-problematic patterns of gaming, whereas ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines are likely to diagnose GD adequately and avoid pathologizing.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)2463-2475
Number of pages13
JournalAddiction
Volume116
Issue number9
DOIs
StatePublished - Sep 2021

Keywords

  • DSM
  • Delphi
  • ICD
  • diagnosis
  • gaming disorder
  • internet gaming disorder

All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes

  • Medicine (miscellaneous)
  • Psychiatry and Mental health

Fingerprint

Dive into the research topics of 'Expert appraisal of criteria for assessing gaming disorder: an international Delphi study'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.

Cite this