TY - JOUR
T1 - Comparative quality control of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V, 17-4 PH stainless steel, and aluminum alloy 4047 either manufactured or repaired by laser engineered net shaping (LENS)
AU - Eliaz, Noam
AU - Foucks, Nitzan
AU - Geva, Dolev
AU - Oren, Shai
AU - Shriki, Noy
AU - Vaknin, Danielle
AU - Fishman, Dimitry
AU - Levi, Ofer
N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2020 by the authors.
PY - 2020/9
Y1 - 2020/9
N2 - Additive manufacturing attracts much interest for manufacturing and repair of structural parts for the aerospace industry. This paper presents comparative characterization of aircraft items made of Al 4047 alloy, Ti-6Al-4V alloy, and 17-4 precipitation hardened (PH) (AISI 630) stainless steel, either manufactured or repaired by laser engineered net shaping (LENS). Chemical analysis, density, and surface roughness measurements, X-ray micro-computed tomography (μ-CT) analysis, metallography, and micro-hardness testing were conducted. In all three materials, microstructures typical of rapid solidification were observed, along with high density, chemical composition, and hardness comparable to those of the counterpart wrought alloys (even in hard condition). High standard deviation in hardness values, anisotropic geometrical distortion, and overbuild at top edges were observed. The detected defects included partially melted and unmelted powder particles, porosity, and interlayer lack of fusion, in particular at the interface between the substrate plate and the build. There was a fairly good match between the density values measured by μ-CT and those measured by the Archimedes method; there was also good correlation between the type of defects detected by both techniques. Surface roughness, density of partially melted powder particles, and the content of bulk defects were significantly higher in Al 4047 than in 17-4 PH stainless steel and Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Optical gaging can be used reliably for surface roughness measurements. The implications of these findings are discussed.
AB - Additive manufacturing attracts much interest for manufacturing and repair of structural parts for the aerospace industry. This paper presents comparative characterization of aircraft items made of Al 4047 alloy, Ti-6Al-4V alloy, and 17-4 precipitation hardened (PH) (AISI 630) stainless steel, either manufactured or repaired by laser engineered net shaping (LENS). Chemical analysis, density, and surface roughness measurements, X-ray micro-computed tomography (μ-CT) analysis, metallography, and micro-hardness testing were conducted. In all three materials, microstructures typical of rapid solidification were observed, along with high density, chemical composition, and hardness comparable to those of the counterpart wrought alloys (even in hard condition). High standard deviation in hardness values, anisotropic geometrical distortion, and overbuild at top edges were observed. The detected defects included partially melted and unmelted powder particles, porosity, and interlayer lack of fusion, in particular at the interface between the substrate plate and the build. There was a fairly good match between the density values measured by μ-CT and those measured by the Archimedes method; there was also good correlation between the type of defects detected by both techniques. Surface roughness, density of partially melted powder particles, and the content of bulk defects were significantly higher in Al 4047 than in 17-4 PH stainless steel and Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Optical gaging can be used reliably for surface roughness measurements. The implications of these findings are discussed.
KW - Additive manufacturing (AM)
KW - Aluminum
KW - Directed energy deposition (DED)
KW - Laser engineered net shaping (LENS)
KW - Micro-computed tomography (μ-CT)
KW - Microstructure
KW - Porosity
KW - Stainless steel
KW - Surface roughness
KW - Titanium
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85091261713&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13184171
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13184171
M3 - مقالة
C2 - 32961785
SN - 1996-1944
VL - 13
JO - Materials
JF - Materials
IS - 18
M1 - 4171
ER -