CO/H₂, C/CO, OH/CO, and OH/O₂ in dense interstellar gas: From high ionization to low metallicity

We present numerical computations and analytic scaling relations for interstellar ion-molecule gas-phase chemistry down to very low metallicities (10^-3 × solar), and/or up to high driving ionization rates. Relevant environments include the cool interstellar medium (ISM) in lowmetallicity dwarf galaxies, early enriched clouds at the reionization and Pop-II star formation era, and in dense cold gas exposed to intense X-ray or cosmic ray sources. We focus on the behaviour for H₂, CO, CH, OH, H₂O and O₂, at gas temperatures-100 K, characteristic of a cooled ISM at low metallicities. We consider shielded or partially shielded one-zone gas parcels, and solve the gas-phase chemical rate equations for the steady-state 'metal-molecule abundances for a wide range of ionization parameters, ζ/n, and metallicties, Z'. We find that the OH abundances are always maximal near the H-to-H2 conversion points, and that large OH abundances persist at very low metallicities even when the hydrogen is predominantly atomic. We study the OH/O₂, C/CO and OH/CO abundance ratios, from large to small, as functions of ζ/n and Z'. Much of the cold dense ISM for the Pop-II generation may have been OH-dominated and atomic rather than CO-dominated and molecular.