Chemical Nature of Heterogeneous Electrofreezing of Supercooled Water Revealed on Polar (Pyroelectric) Surfaces

Physics & Astronomy

• ice formation 100%
• water 38%
• ice 36%
• hydronium ions 25%
• temperature 20%
• ions 19%
• crystals 17%
• carbonates 17%
• hexagons 13%
• cracks 12%
• assemblies 10%
• freezing 10%
• analogs 8%
• circuit breakers 6%
• protons 6%
• electric fields 6%
• molecules 5%
• hydrogen bonds 5%
• attraction 5%
• aqueous solutions 4%
• dissolving 4%
• dipole moments 4%
• poles 4%
• simulation 4%
• molecular dynamics 3%
• atmospheres 3%
• cooling 3%
• heating 3%
• performance 2%

Engineering & Materials Science

• Ions 53%
• Ice 37%
• Water 37%
• Crystals 36%
• Temperature 27%
• Protons 12%
• Freezing 11%
• Molecules 10%
• Electric fields 9%
• Dipole moment 8%
• Surface charge 7%
• Hydrogen bonds 7%
• Molecular dynamics 5%
• Experiments 5%
• Dissolution 5%
• Poles 4%
• Heating 3%
• Cooling 3%
• Computer simulation 2%

Chemistry

• Pyroelectricity 95%
• Ion 27%
• Surface 21%
• Electric Effect 19%
• Electric Field 11%
• Proton 8%
• Simulation 7%
• Guanidinium 7%
• Hydrophilic Surface 7%
• Hydrophobic Surface 6%
• Chemical Bond 6%
• Dipole Moment 5%
• Cooling 5%
• Hexagonal Space Group 4%
• Dissolution 4%
• Molecular Dynamics 4%
• Molecule 4%
• Hydrogen Bond 3%
• Environment 3%
• Aqueous Solution 3%
• Purity 3%