Cellular Metabolomics by a Universal Redox-Reactive Nanosensors Array: From the Cell Level to Tumor-on-a-Chip Analysis

Although biosensors based on nanowires-field effect transistor were proved extraordinarily efficient in fundamental applications, screening of charges due to the high-ionic strength of most physiological solutions imposes severe limitations in the design of smart, "real-time" sensors, as the biosample solution has to be previously desalted. This work describes the development of a novel nanowire biosensor that performs extracellular real-time multiplex sensing of small molecular metabolites, the true indicators of the body's chemistry machinery, without any preprocessing of the biosample. Unlike other nanoFET devices that follow direct binding of analytes to their surfaces, our nanodevice acts by sensing the oxidation state of redox-reactive chemical species bound to its surface. The device's surface array is chemically modified with a reversible redox molecular system that is sensitive to H ₂ O ₂ down to 100 nM, coupled with a suite of corresponding oxidase enzymes that convert target metabolites to H ₂ O ₂ , enabling the direct prompt analysis of complex biosamples. This modality was successfully demonstrated for the real-time monitoring of cancer cell samples' metabolic activity and evaluating chemotherapeutic treatment options for cancer. This distinctive system displays ultrasensitive, selective, noninvasive, multiplex, real-time, label-free, and low-cost sensing of small molecular metabolites in ultrasmall volumes of complex biosamples, in the single-microliter scale, placing our technology at the forefront of this cutting-edge field.