Beyond the Radcliffe Formula: Isabella Kelly and the Gothic Troubles of the Married Heroine

Though largely forgotten today, Isabella Kelly (c.1759–1857) was a successful Gothic novelist who published regularly with William Lane's Minerva Press and was given a prominent place in the press's publicity materials. One plausible reason why contemporary criticism has overlooked Kelly is that writers of her publishing profile tend to be dismissed as mere “imitators” of their famous contemporary Ann Radcliffe. This essay attempts to challenge that belief by demonstrating Kelly's suggestive divergence from the Radcliffe Gothic pattern with regard to one central plot element: marriage. Recognizing women's vulnerability in marriage, Radcliffe's novels seem to promise that a particular kind of woman can avoid the Gothic potential of wedlock. Kelly, by contrast, seems to have far fewer illusions about the ability of any woman to avoid marital suffering, and presents instead a recurrent narrative in which the heroine's own marriage devolves into Gothic hostility and violence, and then sets itself to rights again. As the essay argues, the changing critical notion of a “female Gothic” may gain further nuance by factoring in popular women writers like Kelly, whom Radcliffe's “canonization” has relegated to the ignored margins of the Gothic phenomenon.