Bending forces plastically deform growing bacterial cell walls

Ariel Amir, Farinaz Babaeipour, Dustin B. McIntosh, David R. Nelson, Suckjoon Jun

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

Abstract

Cell walls define a cell's shape in bacteria. The walls are rigid to resist large internal pressures, but remarkably plastic to adapt to a wide range of external forces and geometric constraints. Currently, it is unknown how bacteria maintain their shape. In this paper, we develop experimental and theoretical approaches and show that mechanical stresses regulate bacterial cell wall growth. By applying a precisely controllable hydrodynamic force to growing rod-shaped Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis cells, we demonstrate that the cells can exhibit two fundamentally different modes of deformation. The cells behave like elastic rods when subjected to transient forces, but deform plastically when significant cell wall synthesis occurs while the force is applied. The deformed cells always recover their shape. The experimental results are in quantitative agreementwith the predictions of the theory of dislocation-mediated growth. In particular, we find that a single dimensionless parameter, which depends on a combination of independently measured physical properties of the cell, can describe the cell's responses under various experimental conditions. These findings provide insight into how living cells robustly maintain their shape under varying physical environments.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)5778-5783
Number of pages6
JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS
Volume111
Issue number16
Early online date7 Apr 2014
DOIs
StatePublished - 22 Apr 2014
Externally publishedYes

All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes

  • General

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