Beam Focusing for Near-Field Multi-User Localization

Extremely large-scale antenna arrays are poised to play a pivotal role in sixth-generation (6 G) networks. Utilizing such arrays often results in a near-field spherical wave transmission environment, enabling the generation of focused beams, which introduces new degrees of freedom for wireless localization. In this paper, we consider a beam-focusing design for localizing multiple sources in the radiating near-field. Our formulation accommodates various expected types of implementations of large antenna arrays, including hybrid analog/digital architectures and dynamic metasurface antennas (DMAs). We consider a direct localization estimation method exploiting curvature-of-arrival of impinging spherical wavefront to obtain user positions. In this regard, we adopt a two-stage approach configuring the array to optimize near-field positioning. In the first step, we focus only on adjusting the array coefficients, assuming actual user positions have been known, to minimize the estimation error. We obtain a closed-form approximate solution based on projection and a better one based on the Riemann gradient algorithm. We then extend this approach to localize and focus the beams simultaneously via a sub-optimal iterative approach that does not rely on such pre knowledge of positions. The simulation results show that near-field localization accuracy based on a hybrid array or DMA can achieve performance close to that of fully digital arrays at a lower cost, and DMAs can attain better performance than hybrid solutions with the same aperture.