Age and Expression of CD163 and Colony-Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor (CD115) Are Associated With the Biological Behavior of Central Giant Cell Granuloma

Purpose Central giant cell granulomas (CGCGs) are clinically classified as nonaggressive (nA-CGCGs) and aggressive (A-CGCGs). However, histopathologically, all lesions feature spindle mononuclear cells (MCs) and multinuclear giant cells (GCs) in a hemorrhage-rich stroma. We aimed to investigate the presence of cells with a monocyte- or macrophage-related phenotype and, together with clinical variables, to examine their predictive potential for the biological behavior of CGCGs. Patients and Methods For our investigation, we implemented a retrospective cohort study. Sections were immunohistochemically stained for colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R) (CD115), CD163, CD68, and nuclear factor κB. The clinical variables included age, gender, and location of lesions. Associations between immunostains, clinical variables, and CGCG aggressiveness were analyzed by the Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) exact test and t test. Significant variables were further analyzed by a logistic regression model followed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for diagnostic sensitivity. Significance was set at P <.05. Results Patients with A-CGCGs (n = 36) were younger than those with nA-CGCGs (n = 31) (P =.002). Logistic regression showed that CD163-GC (β = –0.870, P =.031) and CD115-MC (β = –0.783, P =.027) had a significant protection effect (odds ratio, 0.419 [95% confidence interval, 0.190 to 0.925], and odds ratio, 0.457 [95% confidence interval, 0.229 to 0.913], respectively). ROC curve analysis showed that CD163-GC and CSF-1R (CD115)–MC combined were the best predictor in distinguishing nA-CGCGs from A-CGCGs (area under ROC curve, 0.814; P <.001). At the optimal cutoff value (0.408), sensitivity was 87% and specificity, 65%. Conclusions Increasing age and high expression of CD163-GC and CSF-1R (CD115)–MC can serve as significant predictors of nA-CGCGs. A functional link between CD163-GC and the characteristic areas of extravasation of erythrocytes is discussed.