Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet Is Associated with Decreased Fecal Calprotectin Levels in Children with Crohn’s Disease in Clinical Remission under Biological Therapy

Introduction: Adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) was shown to be associated with decreased disease activity in adult patients with Crohn’s disease (CD). Nevertheless, data on its association with fecal calprotectin (FC), particularly in children, remain limited. This study aimed to assess the association between adherence to the MD and FC as an indicator of mucosal healing in patients who are predominantly in remission while undergoing biological therapy. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study among children with CD. Adherence to MD was evaluated using both the KIDMED questionnaire and a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Israeli Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (I-MEDAS) score was calculated, and FC samples were obtained. Results: Of 103 eligible patients, 99 were included (mean age 14.3 ± 2.6 years; 38.4% females); 88% were in clinical remission, and 30% presented with elevated FC. The mean KIDMED score was higher among patients who had FC <200 μg/g compared to patients with FC >200 μg/g (5.48 ± 2.58 vs. 4.37 ± 2.47, respectively; p = 0.04). A moderate correlation between the KIDMED score and the I-MEDAS score was observed (r = 0.46; p = 0.001). In a multivariate regression analysis, adherence to MD was associated with decreased calprotectin levels, OR 0.75 [95% CI: 0.6–0.95], p = 0.019. Vegetable consumption was found to be inversely associated with elevated FC (0.9 portion/day [0.3–2.9] in FC >200 μg/g vs. 2.2 portions/day [0.87–3.82] in FC <200 μg/g; p = 0.049). Conclusions: In children with CD who are mostly in clinical remission under biological therapy, high adherence to MD is associated with decreased FC levels. Encouraging vegetable consumption, especially during remission, may benefit these patients.