A revised calibration of the clumped isotope thermometer

A growing number of materials and environmental settings are studied using the carbonate clumped isotope (_δ47) thermometer. The method has been applied in both biogenic and non-biogenic carbonate systems, in marine and terrestrial settings, over a wide range of geological timescales. The current _δ47 temperature calibration gives good temperature estimates for most biogenic materials, however, systematic biases are commonly observed at low temperatures.In this study we report additional calibration data, that covers a wider temperature range, at more evenly distributed temperatures, and are measured at higher analytical precision than the original calibration. Combining these data with the original calibration yields a _δ47-T relationship that is similar to the original calibration, though slightly less steep: _δ47 = (0.0526 ± 0.0025) × ¹⁰⁶/^T2 + (0.0520 ± 0.0284). This revised calibration is in better agreement with biogenic carbonates, including those grown at low temperatures. The difference between the original and revised calibrations is significant for carbonates forming below 16°C or above 49°C (_δ47 values of 0.68‰ and 0.56‰). Additionally, we include a comprehensive analysis of the sources of error associated with _δ47 measurements and estimated temperatures and recommend measurement strategies for obtaining the desired precision.As an illustration, we apply the revised calibration and uncertainty analysis to 3 previously published studies. At low temperatures, the revised calibration results in significant differences from the original calibration and hence affects the interpretation of the environmental signal recorded. In light of our _δ47 errors analysis, in cases where the temperature signals are small, we find that replicate analyses are critical to identify a temperature signal.