A dynamical measure of the black hole mass in a quasar 11 billion years ago

R. Abuter; F. Allouche; A. Amorim; C. Bailet; A. Berdeu; J. P. Berger; P. Berio; A. Bigioli; O. Boebion; M. L. Bolzer; H. Bonnet; G. Bourdarot; P. Bourget; W. Brandner; Y. Cao; R. Conzelmann; M. Comin; Y. Clénet; B. Courtney-Barrer; R. Davies; D. Defrère; A. Delboulbé; F. Delplancke-Ströbele; R. Dembet; J. Dexter; P. T. de Zeeuw; A. Drescher; A. Eckart; C. Édouard; F. Eisenhauer; M. Fabricius; H. Feuchtgruber; G. Finger; N. M. Förster Schreiber; P. Garcia; R. Garcia Lopez; F. Gao; E. Gendron; R. Genzel; J. P. Gil; S. Gillessen; T. Gomes; F. Gonté; C. Gouvret; P. Guajardo; S. Guieu; W. Hackenberg; N. Haddad; M. Hartl; X. Haubois; F. Haußmann; G. Heißel; Th Henning; S. Hippler; S. F. Hönig; M. Horrobin; N. Hubin; E. Jacqmart; L. Jocou; A. Kaufer; P. Kervella; J. Kolb; H. Korhonen; S. Lacour; S. Lagarde; O. Lai; V. Lapeyrère; R. Laugier; J. B. Le Bouquin; J. Leftley; P. Léna; S. Lewis; D. Liu; B. Lopez; D. Lutz; Y. Magnard; F. Mang; A. Marcotto; D. Maurel; A. Mérand; F. Millour; N. More; H. Netzer; H. Nowacki; M. Nowak; S. Oberti; T. Ott; L. Pallanca; T. Paumard; K. Perraut; G. Perrin; R. Petrov; O. Pfuhl; N. Pourré; S. Rabien; C. Rau; M. Riquelme; S. Robbe-Dubois; S. Rochat; M. Salman; J. Sanchez-Bermudez; D. J.D. Santos; S. Scheithauer; M. Schöller; J. Schubert; N. Schuhler; J. Shangguan; P. Shchekaturov; T. T. Shimizu; A. Sevin; F. Soulez; A. Spang; E. Stadler; A. Sternberg; C. Straubmeier; E. Sturm; C. Sykes; L. J. Tacconi; K. R.W. Tristram; F. Vincent; S. von Fellenberg; S. Uysal; F. Widmann; E. Wieprecht; E. Wiezorrek; J. Woillez; G. Zins

doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07053-4

A dynamical measure of the black hole mass in a quasar 11 billion years ago

R. Abuter, F. Allouche, A. Amorim, C. Bailet, A. Berdeu, J. P. Berger, P. Berio, A. Bigioli, O. Boebion, M. L. Bolzer, H. Bonnet, G. Bourdarot, P. Bourget, W. Brandner, Y. Cao, R. Conzelmann, M. Comin, Y. Clénet, B. Courtney-Barrer, R. DaviesD. Defrère, A. Delboulbé, F. Delplancke-Ströbele, R. Dembet, J. Dexter, P. T. de Zeeuw, A. Drescher, A. Eckart, C. Édouard, F. Eisenhauer, M. Fabricius, H. Feuchtgruber, G. Finger, N. M. Förster Schreiber, P. Garcia, R. Garcia Lopez, F. Gao, E. Gendron, R. Genzel, J. P. Gil, S. Gillessen, T. Gomes, F. Gonté, C. Gouvret, P. Guajardo, S. Guieu, W. Hackenberg, N. Haddad, M. Hartl, X. Haubois, F. Haußmann, G. Heißel, Th Henning, S. Hippler, S. F. Hönig, M. Horrobin, N. Hubin, E. Jacqmart, L. Jocou, A. Kaufer, P. Kervella, J. Kolb, H. Korhonen, S. Lacour, S. Lagarde, O. Lai, V. Lapeyrère, R. Laugier, J. B. Le Bouquin, J. Leftley, P. Léna, S. Lewis, D. Liu, B. Lopez, D. Lutz, Y. Magnard, F. Mang, A. Marcotto, D. Maurel, A. Mérand, F. Millour, N. More, H. Netzer, H. Nowacki, M. Nowak, S. Oberti, T. Ott, L. Pallanca, T. Paumard, K. Perraut, G. Perrin, R. Petrov, O. Pfuhl, N. Pourré, S. Rabien, C. Rau, M. Riquelme, S. Robbe-Dubois, S. Rochat, M. Salman, J. Sanchez-Bermudez, D. J.D. Santos, S. Scheithauer, M. Schöller, J. Schubert, N. Schuhler, J. Shangguan, P. Shchekaturov, T. T. Shimizu, A. Sevin, F. Soulez, A. Spang, E. Stadler, A. Sternberg, C. Straubmeier, E. Sturm, C. Sykes, L. J. Tacconi, K. R.W. Tristram, F. Vincent, S. von Fellenberg, S. Uysal, F. Widmann, E. Wieprecht, E. Wiezorrek, J. Woillez, G. Zins

School of Physics and Astronomy

Tel Aviv University

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

Tight relationships exist in the local Universe between the central stellar properties of galaxies and the mass of their supermassive black hole (SMBH)^1–3. These suggest that galaxies and black holes co-evolve, with the main regulation mechanism being energetic feedback from accretion onto the black hole during its quasar phase^4–6. A crucial question is how the relationship between black holes and galaxies evolves with time; a key epoch to examine this relationship is at the peaks of star formation and black hole growth 8–12 billion years ago (redshifts 1–3)⁷. Here we report a dynamical measurement of the mass of the black hole in a luminous quasar at a redshift of 2, with a look back in time of 11 billion years, by spatially resolving the broad-line region (BLR). We detect a 40-μas (0.31-pc) spatial offset between the red and blue photocentres of the Hα line that traces the velocity gradient of a rotating BLR. The flux and differential phase spectra are well reproduced by a thick, moderately inclined disk of gas clouds within the sphere of influence of a central black hole with a mass of 3.2 × 10⁸ solar masses. Molecular gas data reveal a dynamical mass for the host galaxy of 6 × 10¹¹ solar masses, which indicates an undermassive black hole accreting at a super-Eddington rate. This suggests a host galaxy that grew faster than the SMBH, indicating a delay between galaxy and black hole formation for some systems.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	281-285
Number of pages	5
Journal	Nature
Volume	627
Issue number	8003
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07053-4
State	Published - 14 Mar 2024

All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes

General

Access to Document

10.1038/s41586-024-07053-4

Cite this

Abuter, R., Allouche, F., Amorim, A., Bailet, C., Berdeu, A., Berger, J. P., Berio, P., Bigioli, A., Boebion, O., Bolzer, M. L., Bonnet, H., Bourdarot, G., Bourget, P., Brandner, W., Cao, Y., Conzelmann, R., Comin, M., Clénet, Y., Courtney-Barrer, B., ... Zins, G. (2024). A dynamical measure of the black hole mass in a quasar 11 billion years ago. Nature, 627(8003), 281-285. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07053-4

@article{14a98c6033b84dff895b07f61c94ae0f,

title = "A dynamical measure of the black hole mass in a quasar 11 billion years ago",

abstract = "Tight relationships exist in the local Universe between the central stellar properties of galaxies and the mass of their supermassive black hole (SMBH)1–3. These suggest that galaxies and black holes co-evolve, with the main regulation mechanism being energetic feedback from accretion onto the black hole during its quasar phase4–6. A crucial question is how the relationship between black holes and galaxies evolves with time; a key epoch to examine this relationship is at the peaks of star formation and black hole growth 8–12 billion years ago (redshifts 1–3)7. Here we report a dynamical measurement of the mass of the black hole in a luminous quasar at a redshift of 2, with a look back in time of 11 billion years, by spatially resolving the broad-line region (BLR). We detect a 40-μas (0.31-pc) spatial offset between the red and blue photocentres of the Hα line that traces the velocity gradient of a rotating BLR. The flux and differential phase spectra are well reproduced by a thick, moderately inclined disk of gas clouds within the sphere of influence of a central black hole with a mass of 3.2 × 108 solar masses. Molecular gas data reveal a dynamical mass for the host galaxy of 6 × 1011 solar masses, which indicates an undermassive black hole accreting at a super-Eddington rate. This suggests a host galaxy that grew faster than the SMBH, indicating a delay between galaxy and black hole formation for some systems.",

author = "R. Abuter and F. Allouche and A. Amorim and C. Bailet and A. Berdeu and Berger, \{J. P.\} and P. Berio and A. Bigioli and O. Boebion and Bolzer, \{M. L.\} and H. Bonnet and G. Bourdarot and P. Bourget and W. Brandner and Y. Cao and R. Conzelmann and M. Comin and Y. Cl{\'e}net and B. Courtney-Barrer and R. Davies and D. Defr{\`e}re and A. Delboulb{\'e} and F. Delplancke-Str{\"o}bele and R. Dembet and J. Dexter and \{de Zeeuw\}, \{P. T.\} and A. Drescher and A. Eckart and C. {\'E}douard and F. Eisenhauer and M. Fabricius and H. Feuchtgruber and G. Finger and \{F{\"o}rster Schreiber\}, \{N. M.\} and P. Garcia and \{Garcia Lopez\}, R. and F. Gao and E. Gendron and R. Genzel and Gil, \{J. P.\} and S. Gillessen and T. Gomes and F. Gont{\'e} and C. Gouvret and P. Guajardo and S. Guieu and W. Hackenberg and N. Haddad and M. Hartl and X. Haubois and F. Hau{\ss}mann and G. Hei{\ss}el and Th Henning and S. Hippler and H{\"o}nig, \{S. F.\} and M. Horrobin and N. Hubin and E. Jacqmart and L. Jocou and A. Kaufer and P. Kervella and J. Kolb and H. Korhonen and S. Lacour and S. Lagarde and O. Lai and V. Lapeyr{\`e}re and R. Laugier and \{Le Bouquin\}, \{J. B.\} and J. Leftley and P. L{\'e}na and S. Lewis and D. Liu and B. Lopez and D. Lutz and Y. Magnard and F. Mang and A. Marcotto and D. Maurel and A. M{\'e}rand and F. Millour and N. More and H. Netzer and H. Nowacki and M. Nowak and S. Oberti and T. Ott and L. Pallanca and T. Paumard and K. Perraut and G. Perrin and R. Petrov and O. Pfuhl and N. Pourr{\'e} and S. Rabien and C. Rau and M. Riquelme and S. Robbe-Dubois and S. Rochat and M. Salman and J. Sanchez-Bermudez and Santos, \{D. J.D.\} and S. Scheithauer and M. Sch{\"o}ller and J. Schubert and N. Schuhler and J. Shangguan and P. Shchekaturov and Shimizu, \{T. T.\} and A. Sevin and F. Soulez and A. Spang and E. Stadler and A. Sternberg and C. Straubmeier and E. Sturm and C. Sykes and Tacconi, \{L. J.\} and Tristram, \{K. R.W.\} and F. Vincent and \{von Fellenberg\}, S. and S. Uysal and F. Widmann and E. Wieprecht and E. Wiezorrek and J. Woillez and G. Zins",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} The Author(s) 2024.",

year = "2024",

month = mar,

day = "14",

doi = "10.1038/s41586-024-07053-4",

language = "الإنجليزيّة",

volume = "627",

pages = "281--285",

journal = "Nature",

issn = "0028-0836",

publisher = "Nature Research",

number = "8003",

}

Abuter, R, Allouche, F, Amorim, A, Bailet, C, Berdeu, A, Berger, JP, Berio, P, Bigioli, A, Boebion, O, Bolzer, ML, Bonnet, H, Bourdarot, G, Bourget, P, Brandner, W, Cao, Y, Conzelmann, R, Comin, M, Clénet, Y, Courtney-Barrer, B, Davies, R, Defrère, D, Delboulbé, A, Delplancke-Ströbele, F, Dembet, R, Dexter, J, de Zeeuw, PT, Drescher, A, Eckart, A, Édouard, C, Eisenhauer, F, Fabricius, M, Feuchtgruber, H, Finger, G, Förster Schreiber, NM, Garcia, P, Garcia Lopez, R, Gao, F, Gendron, E, Genzel, R, Gil, JP, Gillessen, S, Gomes, T, Gonté, F, Gouvret, C, Guajardo, P, Guieu, S, Hackenberg, W, Haddad, N, Hartl, M, Haubois, X, Haußmann, F, Heißel, G, Henning, T, Hippler, S, Hönig, SF, Horrobin, M, Hubin, N, Jacqmart, E, Jocou, L, Kaufer, A, Kervella, P, Kolb, J, Korhonen, H, Lacour, S, Lagarde, S, Lai, O, Lapeyrère, V, Laugier, R, Le Bouquin, JB, Leftley, J, Léna, P, Lewis, S, Liu, D, Lopez, B, Lutz, D, Magnard, Y, Mang, F, Marcotto, A, Maurel, D, Mérand, A, Millour, F, More, N, Netzer, H, Nowacki, H, Nowak, M, Oberti, S, Ott, T, Pallanca, L, Paumard, T, Perraut, K, Perrin, G, Petrov, R, Pfuhl, O, Pourré, N, Rabien, S, Rau, C, Riquelme, M, Robbe-Dubois, S, Rochat, S, Salman, M, Sanchez-Bermudez, J, Santos, DJD, Scheithauer, S, Schöller, M, Schubert, J, Schuhler, N, Shangguan, J, Shchekaturov, P, Shimizu, TT, Sevin, A, Soulez, F, Spang, A, Stadler, E, Sternberg, A, Straubmeier, C, Sturm, E, Sykes, C, Tacconi, LJ, Tristram, KRW, Vincent, F, von Fellenberg, S, Uysal, S, Widmann, F, Wieprecht, E, Wiezorrek, E, Woillez, J & Zins, G 2024, 'A dynamical measure of the black hole mass in a quasar 11 billion years ago', Nature, vol. 627, no. 8003, pp. 281-285. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07053-4

TY - JOUR

T1 - A dynamical measure of the black hole mass in a quasar 11 billion years ago

AU - Abuter, R.

AU - Allouche, F.

AU - Amorim, A.

AU - Bailet, C.

AU - Berdeu, A.

AU - Berger, J. P.

AU - Berio, P.

AU - Bigioli, A.

AU - Boebion, O.

AU - Bolzer, M. L.

AU - Bonnet, H.

AU - Bourdarot, G.

AU - Bourget, P.

AU - Brandner, W.

AU - Cao, Y.

AU - Conzelmann, R.

AU - Comin, M.

AU - Clénet, Y.

AU - Courtney-Barrer, B.

AU - Davies, R.

AU - Defrère, D.

AU - Delboulbé, A.

AU - Delplancke-Ströbele, F.

AU - Dembet, R.

AU - Dexter, J.

AU - de Zeeuw, P. T.

AU - Drescher, A.

AU - Eckart, A.

AU - Édouard, C.

AU - Eisenhauer, F.

AU - Fabricius, M.

AU - Feuchtgruber, H.

AU - Finger, G.

AU - Förster Schreiber, N. M.

AU - Garcia, P.

AU - Garcia Lopez, R.

AU - Gao, F.

AU - Gendron, E.

AU - Genzel, R.

AU - Gil, J. P.

AU - Gillessen, S.

AU - Gomes, T.

AU - Gonté, F.

AU - Gouvret, C.

AU - Guajardo, P.

AU - Guieu, S.

AU - Hackenberg, W.

AU - Haddad, N.

AU - Hartl, M.

AU - Haubois, X.

AU - Haußmann, F.

AU - Heißel, G.

AU - Henning, Th

AU - Hippler, S.

AU - Hönig, S. F.

AU - Horrobin, M.

AU - Hubin, N.

AU - Jacqmart, E.

AU - Jocou, L.

AU - Kaufer, A.

AU - Kervella, P.

AU - Kolb, J.

AU - Korhonen, H.

AU - Lacour, S.

AU - Lagarde, S.

AU - Lai, O.

AU - Lapeyrère, V.

AU - Laugier, R.

AU - Le Bouquin, J. B.

AU - Leftley, J.

AU - Léna, P.

AU - Lewis, S.

AU - Liu, D.

AU - Lopez, B.

AU - Lutz, D.

AU - Magnard, Y.

AU - Mang, F.

AU - Marcotto, A.

AU - Maurel, D.

AU - Mérand, A.

AU - Millour, F.

AU - More, N.

AU - Netzer, H.

AU - Nowacki, H.

AU - Nowak, M.

AU - Oberti, S.

AU - Ott, T.

AU - Pallanca, L.

AU - Paumard, T.

AU - Perraut, K.

AU - Perrin, G.

AU - Petrov, R.

AU - Pfuhl, O.

AU - Pourré, N.

AU - Rabien, S.

AU - Rau, C.

AU - Riquelme, M.

AU - Robbe-Dubois, S.

AU - Rochat, S.

AU - Salman, M.

AU - Sanchez-Bermudez, J.

AU - Santos, D. J.D.

AU - Scheithauer, S.

AU - Schöller, M.

AU - Schubert, J.

AU - Schuhler, N.

AU - Shangguan, J.

AU - Shchekaturov, P.

AU - Shimizu, T. T.

AU - Sevin, A.

AU - Soulez, F.

AU - Spang, A.

AU - Stadler, E.

AU - Sternberg, A.

AU - Straubmeier, C.

AU - Sturm, E.

AU - Sykes, C.

AU - Tacconi, L. J.

AU - Tristram, K. R.W.

AU - Vincent, F.

AU - von Fellenberg, S.

AU - Uysal, S.

AU - Widmann, F.

AU - Wieprecht, E.

AU - Wiezorrek, E.

AU - Woillez, J.

AU - Zins, G.

PY - 2024/3/14

Y1 - 2024/3/14

N2 - Tight relationships exist in the local Universe between the central stellar properties of galaxies and the mass of their supermassive black hole (SMBH)1–3. These suggest that galaxies and black holes co-evolve, with the main regulation mechanism being energetic feedback from accretion onto the black hole during its quasar phase4–6. A crucial question is how the relationship between black holes and galaxies evolves with time; a key epoch to examine this relationship is at the peaks of star formation and black hole growth 8–12 billion years ago (redshifts 1–3)7. Here we report a dynamical measurement of the mass of the black hole in a luminous quasar at a redshift of 2, with a look back in time of 11 billion years, by spatially resolving the broad-line region (BLR). We detect a 40-μas (0.31-pc) spatial offset between the red and blue photocentres of the Hα line that traces the velocity gradient of a rotating BLR. The flux and differential phase spectra are well reproduced by a thick, moderately inclined disk of gas clouds within the sphere of influence of a central black hole with a mass of 3.2 × 108 solar masses. Molecular gas data reveal a dynamical mass for the host galaxy of 6 × 1011 solar masses, which indicates an undermassive black hole accreting at a super-Eddington rate. This suggests a host galaxy that grew faster than the SMBH, indicating a delay between galaxy and black hole formation for some systems.

AB - Tight relationships exist in the local Universe between the central stellar properties of galaxies and the mass of their supermassive black hole (SMBH)1–3. These suggest that galaxies and black holes co-evolve, with the main regulation mechanism being energetic feedback from accretion onto the black hole during its quasar phase4–6. A crucial question is how the relationship between black holes and galaxies evolves with time; a key epoch to examine this relationship is at the peaks of star formation and black hole growth 8–12 billion years ago (redshifts 1–3)7. Here we report a dynamical measurement of the mass of the black hole in a luminous quasar at a redshift of 2, with a look back in time of 11 billion years, by spatially resolving the broad-line region (BLR). We detect a 40-μas (0.31-pc) spatial offset between the red and blue photocentres of the Hα line that traces the velocity gradient of a rotating BLR. The flux and differential phase spectra are well reproduced by a thick, moderately inclined disk of gas clouds within the sphere of influence of a central black hole with a mass of 3.2 × 108 solar masses. Molecular gas data reveal a dynamical mass for the host galaxy of 6 × 1011 solar masses, which indicates an undermassive black hole accreting at a super-Eddington rate. This suggests a host galaxy that grew faster than the SMBH, indicating a delay between galaxy and black hole formation for some systems.

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85186913498&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1038/s41586-024-07053-4

DO - 10.1038/s41586-024-07053-4

M3 - مقالة

C2 - 38286342

SN - 0028-0836

VL - 627

SP - 281

EP - 285

JO - Nature

JF - Nature

IS - 8003

ER -

A dynamical measure of the black hole mass in a quasar 11 billion years ago

Abstract

All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes

Access to Document

Other files and links

Fingerprint

Cite this